In modern society, indirect measurement is ubiquitous in which unknown information is transformed into the other physical quantity and is reconstructed mathematically from its measurement data.

Very often, in the test and measurement industry, a measurement is made by instrumentation, which is often subject to errors. It is difficult to estimate the true value of the measured quantity given ...

Indirect extension measurement involves determining specimen extension by measuring the variation in the distance between the testing machine crossheads. Thus, it includes the deformations of all ...