Oscilloscopes are time-domain instruments, but because they digitize waveforms, oscilloscopes can process time-domain signals into the frequency domain. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), spectrum ...

The average textbook definition of modulation reads: modulation is a process in which the frequency, phase or amplitude of a carrier wave varies in step with the instantaneous value of the modulating ...

RF signals historically are measured using spectrum analyzers, at least that was before oscilloscopes offered sufficient bandwidth for those measurements. With oscilloscope bandwidths over 100 GHz, RF ...

An oscilloscope and a device under test (DUT) constitute a de-facto system. In it, the most overlooked element is the interface between the two: the oscilloscope’s probes. Test personnel simply grab ...

Optical vector analysis has emerged as a critical tool for characterising optical devices, enabling simultaneous measurement of amplitude and phase responses over wide bandwidths. This technique is ...