Probability underpins AI, cryptography and statistics. However, as the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “Probability is the ...

Since early evening on September 5th, 2013 the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been publishing a 512-bit, full-entropy random number every minute of every day. What’s more ...

The coin flip is so synonymous with randomness that the phrase has become a metaphor for unpredictability itself. We even trust the coin toss with our nation’s most popular sport: Every NFL game ...

Flipping a coin is a truly random event. A coin will land on either heads or tails, and guessing right is a 50-50 proposition. The performance of actively-managed mutual funds is not as predictable.

Many people fervently believe that coin tosses are random. The Indian men’s test cricket team captain Shubman Gill lost all five of his tosses against England this summer. The probability of such an ...