VRPTW is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem: route vehicles from a depot to customers with time windows and capacity constraints while minimizing total cost. This repository provides: ...

This project is an educational and research-oriented implementation that benchmarks and compares different metaheuristic algorithms for solving VRPTW problems. The VRPTW is a classic NP-hard ...

Machine learning models are increasingly applied across scientific disciplines, yet their effectiveness often hinges on heuristic decisions such as data transformations, training strategies, and model ...

Abstract: Accurately estimating battery state of charge (SOC) in electric vehicle applications (EVs) is crucial to ensure a safe and reliable vehicle operation. However, robust SOC estimation under ...